Electrons, protons and neutrons

Mass 

Mass is made up of atoms with their protons and electrons. Protons and electrons are pulsating and pumping SQs and therefore has a charge. Squirting electrons have negative charges, while sucking pro- tons have positive charges. They are both formed by fast circular flow- ing SQs that form pulsating shapes like hurricanes. The swirling SQs form a surface boundary that blocks gravity waves; the greater the blockage, the greater the mass. That means that smaller but faster swirls like protons can block gravity waves more than larger but slower swirls like electrons. 

Protons and electrons attract each other and neutralize their charge and fform atoms that fuse together inside stars to form heavier atoms. The electrons sometimes protrude too far out and are hit by a hail of photons that makes them roll up with their proton partners and lose their charge for a while and to be known as “neutrons”. Too many neutrons in atoms make them so unstable that they break apart, releasing harmful photons in all directions like bombs releasing shrapnel in all directions. 

Electrons 

Electrons are swirls of SQs similar to hurricanes. They are shaped like large balloons or bellows with very long and narrow spouts. They pump in such a way as to gather SQs from the space around them and squeeze them out the long spout. The gathering is slower than the expelling. This causes the electron to be less dense on average than the sea of SQs that surrounds them. They are like bubbles in water. 

When an electron's spout is connected to his proton's spout, then they neutralize their charge and become a neutral hydrogen atom. Eventual- ly neutral hydrogen atoms get fused into heavier groups to form heavier atoms. Heavier atoms pair with lighter atoms or with them selves by using their unpaired electrons like they were hands. 

Two electrons of 2 atoms pair if they are in sync, with one electron expanding while the other is contracting. Because paired electrons in sync resonate with each other, unpaired electrons pair with other unpaired electrons of other atoms. Once they are paired and are in sync, they form stable bonds that persist. 

If an electron leaves the confines of the atom by leaving its moderating proton behind, it becomes a free electron. In such a free state, the un-moderated electron squirts SQs like an emptying balloon and takes on a movement on its own, spinning in all possible directions. The long spinning spout forms a spherical surface of dense SQs around the electron and gives electrons their charge. In this situation free electrons repel other free electrons. 

In a material made up of a sea of free electrons, like a metal, the electrons can be pressed very close together with the aid of an electron pump such as a battery. In this case the electrons like air molecules flow to an area of less pressure causing current to flow in the metal. When free electrons flow in a current they are pressed together and their spherical shape flattens into a disk with the sprouts squirting their SQs out in a direction like in a revolving garden spray. The sprayed SQs are the magnetic fields that are observed around a wire when a current flows thru it. 

Electrons can be freed from their atoms and their moderating protons by mechanically rubbing together non-metallic materials such as silk and fur with glass and rubber, so that the electrons get transferred from one material to the other. They are then aligned on the surface with the spouts facing out. These materials exhibit electro static properties that are similar to magnetism. 

This is a picture of an electron moderated by a proton. It is filled with SQs and about to contract and pump them out, it is called a hydrogen atom. 

Here it is pumping the SQs out to the moderating proton. 

Here it has finished pumping out all the SQs. 

Here it is gathering SQs from the space around it. until the cycle is repeated. 

This is 2 "paired" electrons. With two coupling protons, it is a helium atom. In larger atoms made up of more electrons, the elec- trons can be paired or unpaired. 2 electrons that are paired are entan- gled. When one inhales, the other exhales and they are synchronized. Knowing the state of one determines the state of the other. 

Two hydrogen atoms can pair to form a hydrogen 

molecule H2. 

This figure above is a free electron captured in a moment of time. You can see SQs being squirted out of the spout. 

The figures above show the squirting electron spinning into a disk and the spinning electron rotating into a sphere. 

The figure below shows 3 free electrons repelling each other and being pressed into a disk, like what happens in a current of electricity. SQs pumped out of the electron form a pressure pattern in the surrounding aether. The current squeezes the electrons into a disk and their slight asymmetric shape causes them to rotate all in the same direction like propellers. 

This causes a spray of SQs to be ejected out from all around the wire as seen below. 

This spray of SQs is observed as a stationary magnetic field. The SQs spiral in a direction around the wire depending on which way the current is flowing. This is caused by the shape of the free elec- tron. It is shaped like a maple seed and spins like a propeller when in motion, as seen below in Fig. A and B. As the free electron spins, it ejects SQs that are seen as a rotating magnetic field around the wire which carries a current, as seen in Fig. C. When the wire is looped, the magnetic field is focused to resemble the magnetic fields of a magnet as seen in Fig. D, E and F. 

When a wire has electrons flowing, the ejected SQs form a rotating high pressure area around the wire.

When 2 wires "A" and "B" are close enough together, they are forced apart (repelled) when the currents are flowing in opposite direction. This is because the ejected SQs between the wires flow in the same direction adding to each other and building up a high pressure in the aether between the 2 wires. When the currents flow in the same direction, the parallel wires are forced together (attracted) because the ejected SQs between the wires flow in opposite directions canceling each other and causing a low pressure in the aether in the middle.The fields add to each other on the outer sides, causing a high pressure to build up on the outer sides causing the wires to move inwards. 

Protons 

Protons are balloon shaped swirls of aether that are formed similar to electrons. Unlike the long spout of the electron, the proton has a very short flat spout shaped like a wing. Unlike the electron that squirts out SQs from its spout, the proton sucks in SQs into its spout. The gathering or sucking in of SQs is slower than the expelling. This causes the proton to be less dense on average than the sea of SQs that surrounds it. It is like a bubble in water. Protons are similar to electrons except they are about 2000 times heavier and 100,000 times smaller than the electron. 

The proton behaves like a vacuum pump. Protons in their free state rotate, and because their spout is so short, when they rotate, their exhaling bodies extend further out causing a high pressure area around the proton. In an electric field, the shape of the proton causes it to align, like a windsock aligns with the wind. The spout has a large lip in the shape of a wing. The inhaling spout causes SQs to flow along the proton's wing like air flows along a plane's wing. Because the top of the wing is longer than the bottom, the SQs spread out on the top and a pressure difference builds up on the wing with the low pressure being on the top. The pressure difference between the top and bottom of the wing causes the proton to move against the field much like how flow of air over an airplane wing causes the airplane to lift against gravity. 

Magnetism 

In the following figure below, the blowing free electron “B” compresses the aether and makes a high pressure area around it. The sucking free proton “A” stretches the aether and makes a low pressure area around it. 

The attraction between the electron "B" and proton "A" is caused by the proton being aligned in the direction of lowest pressure. Then the proton just sucks in the electron. 

The figure above shows 2 pressures in the aether as the 2 charges approach each other. They are attracted and if allowed to make contact will moderate and neutralize each other to "AB". If the charges are allowed to be close, but not close enough to neutralize, like shown by "A:::B", then the fields radiated out join and loop like seen from the pattern produced by iron filings around a permanent magnet. These lines shown by the iron filings display the direction of increasing pressure that is spewed out from the pole marked “north” and sucked in from the pole marked “south” as show in the bottom left corner. 

The iron atom has the shape to allow it to act like a magnet. The atoms easily lose electrons and the unmoderated protons left behind suck in SQs forming flows of SQs that loop to form magnetic fields. The iron atoms behave like magnets. 

When atoms lose electrons, like in metal atoms, an opening in the atom opens like a door with unmodulated protons pumping SQs thru it. The SQs are sucked in one end and blown out the other. They flow around the atom in a pattern that is like the ones seen at the north and south end of a magnet. If the atoms in a material have shapes that are aligned by an external magnetic field, like a windsock is aligned by a wind, then the material is called magnetic. 

When atoms align with the external field like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co) and nickel (Ni) do, then they are called ferromagnetic. They always align to attract magnetic fields. If the atoms retain their alignment after the external magnetic field is removed, then they are called permanent magnets. 

When atoms align against the external field like bismuth (Bi) and antimony (Sb) do, then they are called diamagnetic. They always align to repel magnetic fields. All atoms become diamagnetic when cooled sufficiently close to absolute 0, the temperature where all motion freezes to a halt. 

When atoms have shapes that are not aligned by external magnetic fields, then they are called paramagnetic. They allow magnetic fields to pass thru without attracting or repelling them. Most atoms are paramagnetic.

Electric fields and static electricity

When the electrons of one material are rubbed off and deposited on another material, the two materials acquire static electricity, become electrically charged, and act like magnets. The freed electrons on one of the surfaces eject SQ's while the protons left behind on the other surface sucks them up. This forms a static electric field between the two surfaces that makes the surfaces attract or repel like magnets. If the two surfaces both contain electrons, or both contain protons, then they repel. If one surface contains electrons and the other surface, protons, then they attract.

When you walk across a dry carpet, electrons are rubbed off you. When your finger is too close to metal, the free electrons in the metal jump across to your finger in a spark.

When molecules shaped like sticks are given a charge and placed in a liquid, an electric field over the liquid can align them like they were magnets. The liquid turns from dark to light when the molecules are aligned. This is seen in liquid crystals used for digital displays. 

The interaction of magnetic fields and currents

When electrons move or flow all in the same direction, their spherical shape is flattened to a disk similar to a spinning propeller. Like a propeller is rotated by wind, the electron is spun and made to move by magnetic fields.

Generation of electricity from moving magnetic fields

A rotating pressure area of aether is generated around a wire by a steady flow of electrons. When the wire is looped, the rotating pressure is also looped and focused to form a rotating loop of pressure. This is the same pressure pattern formed by a magnet.

When a permanent magnet is forced thru loops of wire, the rotating pressure around the magnet causes the SQs to rotate around the wire. The rotating pressure area around the wire aligns the electrons and spins them much like wind spins a maple seed and causes movement like a spinning propeller propels a plane. These spinning electrons fly away like propellers. By moving the magnet in and out thru the loops of wire, an alternating current is generated, first in one direction, and then in the other direction.

Generating motion from electricity.

The same mechanism used by moving magnets to generate electric currents in wires cause currents in wires to move magnets.

EM radiation from antennas

When an electron is accelerated by changes of speed or direction, then it emits waves similar to a larger object that emits sound waves when it accelerates, like seen in audio speakers. When electrons are confined in a straight wire like in an antenna, and the movement of the electrons resonate in the wire, then if we modulate the resonance, we can transmit information great distances. This is similar to boats causing waves as they move thru water and is the mechanism behind EM radiation from antennas. Similarly antennas with lengths tuned to resonant frequencies can be made to resonate like a vibrating violin string by an external wave with the resonant frequency.

Neutrons

A neutron is like a rolled up proton-electron pair. When a proton and an electron are coupled and stop pumping, they roll up and form into a neutron. As there is no pumping, there is no EM fields generated, and the neutron has no charge. Neutrons have a mass equal to the proton and the electron that formed it.

When a neutron is rolled up and bound in the confines of a stable atom, it is one of the most stable particles known. However when free of the atom's nucleus, it only takes on average 17 minutes before it unrolls its non pumping electron and gives birth to a free pumping electron and a free pumping proton ready for interacting with other masses and EM waves.

Atoms 

Atoms are made from electrons, protons, and neutrons. The shape, size and properties of different types of atoms are determined by the number of electrons and protons they have. The number of electrons is determined by the number of protons in the nucleus. Neutrons act like glue allowing repelling protons to be bound together. Too many neutrons in a nucleus make the atom unstable and radioactive and to eventually break into two stable atoms. 

Neutrinos are subatomic particles caused by radioactive decay when atoms are fissioned. The mass of a neutrino is less than one millionth that of the electron. Neutrinos pass through normal matter unimpeded and undetected and make up 95% of the mass of the universe. This mass is called dark matter because it is not observable. The majority of neutrinos in the vicinity of the Earth are from nuclear reactions in the Sun. In the vicinity of the Earth, about 65 billion neutrinos per second pass through every square centimeter. 

Clumps of SQs form neutrinos. Vibrating clumps of neutrinos form photons. Swirling clumps of neutrinos form electrons and protons. Rotating clumps of electrons and protons form atoms. 

Atoms clump and stick together by their EM forces like magnets, making aggregates called molecules. Each type of atom is neutral, having no charge. The charge caused by the protons is canceled out by the charge of the electrons. The atom is observed to have a slight charge when the distribution of the electrons is not uniform or symmetric. Ions are charged atoms or molecules that have lost or gained electrons. 

The simplest atom is hydrogen (H), made of one electron coupled to one proton. This can be visualized as a hammer, with a long light handle representing the electron, and a small heavy head representing the proton. All other types of atoms are made of 2 or more electron- proton pairs and neutrons. 

The figure below on the left shows an electron moderated by a proton making the hydrogen atom H. When the electron part makes the bonds, as shown on the right, an H2 molecule is formed. 

When the proton part of the H atom are fused together in the heat and pressure found in stars, new atoms are formed. The figure below shows the helium atom He with one paired electrons. 

Isotopes 

Atoms of a particular element that differ in the number of neutrons they have are called isotopes. Isotopes with most neutrons are the most unstable and radioactive. As more and more neutrons are packed into a nucleus of an element, the more tightly everything gets pressed together, the more unstable the element becomes. When it finally breaks apart, it releases the stored up energy and emits radioactivity in the form of neutrons and accompanying alpha particles (2 protons and neutrons), that are stopped by a sheet of paper, beta particles (electrons) that are stopped by a sheet of aluminium and waves or photons called gamma rays that go thru lead. They are like microscopic bullets, too small to damage cells but big enough to damage DNA, causing genetic mutations leading to cancers. 

When nitrogen atoms in the atmosphere are hit by high energy waves from the sun, an electron with its moderating proton can roll up into a neutral neutron. When this happens, nitrogen changes its shape and gets transformed into a carbon isotope called C14 that living plants and animals accumulate with all the other carbon atoms they absorb. The newly formed neutron in C14 re-awakens with time and unrolls back into its original electron-proton pair transforming C14 back into the nitrogen atom. This transformation of C14 back into nitrogen happens at a known rate called the half life. C14s half life is 5,730 years and every 5,730 years half of the C14 atoms left decay back to being nitrogens. 

When a living plant or animal dies, it stops to accumulate carbon atoms from the CO2 in the air. By measuring the amount of C14 it has and using C14's half life, we can calculate and determine how long ago the organic material died and stopped accumulating C14. 

Nuclear Fission 

Iron and nickel atoms are mined concentrated and positioned into magnets that are moved by wind and water to generate energy. In a similar way, uranium atoms can be mined, concentrated and positioned into nuclear fuel rods to generate energy. As nuclei of atoms get bigger with more protons and neutrons, there comes a point where the nucleus start to get crowded. This point is reached by iron and nickel. This is analogous to filling a container with balloons to the point where they have to be squeezed in. 

With additional protons and neutrons, there comes a point when the pressures inside the nucleus are too great and the nucleus snaps apart. This point is reached by lead. Atomic nuclei heavier than lead are so squeezed in that they are unstable and are radioactive. They break apart releasing stored up energy and emit particles and waves called radioactivity. Radioactivity is analogous to sparks of a fire. A few are annoying but too many are deadly. Radioactive atoms fission or break apart spontaneously without any external energy. Nuclear fission takes place wherever there are uranium atoms, whether in the ground, in nuclear reactors, or in nuclear bombs. 

Uranium is found in high grade ores in Canada and Australia. These ores can contain 20% uranium, 0.7% of which is a radioactive isotope called U235. U235 decays very slowly, having a half life of 700 million years, but it can be triggered by a neutron to decay and fission and break apart. Because a U235 emits neutrons when it splits into a Krypton and a Barium atom, if other U235s are close enough and if there are enough of them, the reactions can be sustained like seen in a fire spreading by sending out sparks. 

A 4% concentration of U235 is enough to be used to sustain reactions for nuclear power plants. A 1000 MW reactor requires a container 3m high, 3m wide and 6m long worth of such fuel each year. The fuel rods are immersed in coolant water that slow down the neutrons so that they can be more easily absorbed by the fuel and keep the reaction sustainable. This can be analogous to providing air for sustaining a fire. Control rods that absorb neutrons allow the reactors to shut down. This is analogous to putting sand or water on a fire. At the end of the year the spent fuel needs to be cooled with water for a year until the highly radioactive atoms with very short half lives decay to by-products with lower radioactive atoms with very long half lives that do not generate so much heat. This is analogous to the hot charcoal and ash remains of a fire. When the spent fuel is cool enough, it is disposed in long-term disposal facilities where it remains radioactive for millions of years. Although the radioactivity is low having a very long half life, the very harmful atoms are very concentrated. 

A 90% pure U235 uranium ball weighing 50 kg and about the size of a football is enough atomic fuel to be used in a nuclear atomic bomb, as long as it is contained sufficiently long enough so that all the atoms fission before they are dispersed and blown away too far apart to be triggered by the neutrons. The energy from nuclear fission can be analogized to the energy of an over filled balloon bursting. 

Nuclear Fusion 

It is possible to make 2 stable atoms into a 3rd different stable atom by fusing their nuclei together. It takes a great deal of energy to get them close enough, but once close enough, they lock and snap together and bind very strongly releasing a great amount of energy in the form of radiation. This is analogous to the sound or sparks caused by a snap button forced to snap closed. Nuclear fusion takes place inside of stars, fueling them to generate the energy they radiate out. Nuclear fusion also takes place inside hydrogen bombs where hydrogen is fused to heavier atoms just like it is in the sun.